A cikin 1873, Masanin lissafi na Burtaniya Maxwell ya taƙaita ma'auni na filin lantarki - Maxwell equation.Ma'aunin ya nuna cewa: cajin wutar lantarki na iya samar da wutar lantarki, halin yanzu na iya samar da filin maganadisu, haka nan kuma canjin wutar lantarki zai iya samar da filin maganadisu, haka nan kuma filin maganadisu na iya samar da wutar lantarki, wanda ke hasashen samuwar igiyar wutar lantarki.
Bayan shekaru goma sha hudu, wato a shekara ta 1887, masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Jamus Heinrich Hertz ya kera eriya ta farko don gwada samuwar igiyoyin lantarki.Sadarwar mara waya ta fara ne a shekara ta 1901 lokacin da masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Italiya Gulimo Marconi ya yi amfani da babbar eriya wajen sadarwa a kan teku.
Ainihin aikin eriya: Ana amfani da shi don juyar da babban mitar halin yanzu (ko igiyar ruwa mai jagora) zuwa igiyar rediyo da watsa shi zuwa sararin samaniya bisa ga ƙayyadaddun rarrabawa.Lokacin amfani da shi don karɓa, yana jujjuya makamashin igiyar rediyo daga sararin samaniya zuwa ƙarfin mitar halin yanzu (ko jagoran jagora).
Don haka, ana iya ɗaukar eriya azaman jagorar igiyar ruwa da na'urar jujjuyawar raƙuman ruwa, na'urar sauya makamashi ce.
Antenna riba
Muhimmin sifa na eriya, mai zaman kanta ko ana amfani dashi don watsawa ko karɓa, shine ribar eriya.
Wasu kafofin eriya suna haskaka makamashi daidai da kowane bangare, kuma irin wannan nau'in radiation ana kiransa isotropic radiation.Yana kama da rana yana haskaka kuzari ta kowane bangare.A ƙayyadadden nisa, ƙarfin hasken rana da aka auna a kowane kusurwa zai kasance kusan iri ɗaya.Saboda haka, ana daukar rana a matsayin radiator na isotropic.
Duk sauran eriya suna da akasin riba ga radiator isotropic.Wasu eriya suna kai tsaye, wato, ana watsa makamashin da yawa a wasu wurare fiye da wasu.Matsakaicin da ke tsakanin makamashin da ke yaɗawa a waɗannan kwatance da makamashin da eriya ba ta yaɗuwa a kai ana kiransa riba.Lokacin da aka yi amfani da eriya mai watsawa tare da wata riba azaman eriya mai karɓa, ita ma za ta sami riba iri ɗaya.
Tsarin eriya
Yawancin eriya suna fitar da radiation fiye da na sauran, kuma ana kiran wannan radiation anisotropic radiation.
Madaidaicin eriya yana nufin alaƙa tsakanin ƙimar dangi na filin radiyon eriya da shugabanci na sarari ƙarƙashin yanayin nisa iri ɗaya a cikin yanki mai nisa.Ƙarfin filin nesa na eriya ana iya bayyana shi azaman
Inda, shine aikin jagora, mai zaman kansa daga nesa da halin yanzu na eriya;Su ne azimuth Angle da pitch Angle bi da bi;Shin lambar igiyar ruwa ce kuma ita ce tsawon zango.
Aikin jagora ana wakilta ta hoto azaman jadawali na eriya.Domin sauƙaƙe zanen jirgin, babban zane na manyan kwatancen jirgin sama guda biyu na orthogonal.
Tsarin eriya shine wakilcin hoto na rarraba sararin samaniya na eriya mai haskaka wuta.Dangane da aikace-aikacen, eriya yakamata su karɓi sigina a hanya ɗaya kawai ba a cikin wasu ba (misali eriyar TV, eriyar radar), a gefe guda, eriyar mota yakamata su sami damar karɓar sigina daga duk hanyoyin watsawa.
Ana samun jagorar da ake so ta hanyar injina da tsarin lantarki da aka yi niyya na eriya.Jagoranci yana nuna karɓa ko watsa tasirin eriya a wata hanya.
Za'a iya amfani da nau'ikan zane-zane iri-iri biyu don ƙirƙira daidaitawar eriya - haɗin gwiwar cartesian da iyakacin duniya.A cikin jadawali na iyakacin duniya, ana hasashe wurin a kan madaidaicin jirgin tare da axis na juyawa (radius), kuma ana auna hoton igiya na radiation.Kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa.
Idan madaidaicin ƙimar jadawali na sararin samaniya ya kai daidai da 1, ana kiran jadawali daidaitaccen jadawali, kuma aikin daidaitacce daidai yake ana kiransa aikin daidaitawa.Emax shine ƙarfin filin lantarki a cikin mafi girman girman radiyo, yayin da ƙarfin filin lantarki a cikin tazarar guda ɗaya.
Zane-zanen jagora na alakar da ke tsakanin ƙarfin ƙarfin da kuma alkiblar radiation ana kiransa zanen shugabanci.
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-14-2023
